CIRIOLO MARIA ROSA
(programma)
DESCRIPTION OF TEACHING MODULE:
Introduction to metabolism – The ATP production – NAD/NADH ratio
Role of carbohydrates, amino acids and lipids in the catabolic process – The acetyl-CoA mojety – Aerobic vs anaerobic oxidation.
Carbohydrates uptake and utilization – General overview of glycolysis – Energetic investment phase – Energetic production phase – High energetic compounds – Fermentation to lactate – Lactate dehydrogenase – Fermentation to alcohol – Pyruvate carboxylase – Alcohol dehydrogenase – Metabolism of mannose – Fructose and Galactose – Pathologies correlated to alterations of glycolytic enzymes – Concept and significance of metabolic regulation – Modulation of enzyme activity – Glycolysis regulation – The different site of control and the difference related to cell types – Hormones involved.
Gluconeogenesis reactions – Glucose precursors – Cori cycle – Gluconeogenesis regulation.
Glycogen metabolism – Degradation and synthesis – Regulation of glycogen metabolism – Degradation and synthesis with respect to organ metabolism of liver and muscle.
Pentose phosphate pathway – Reactions – Regulation – Role on Favism and redox pathologies.
Pyruvate conversion to acetyl-CoA – Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex structure and function – Regulation allosteric and covalent – Hormonal control.
The citric acid cycle – Reactions – Regulation – Anabolic role.
Lipid metabolism – Assimilation and transport in lipoproteins – Glycerol degradation – Acyl activation – Transport into mitochondria – Beta-oxidation of fatty acid pair – Omega oxidation – Alpha oxidation – Beta-oxidation of unsaturated fatty acid with one or multiple bonds – Odd-numbered fatty acid oxidation – Production and utilization of propionyl-CoA – The role of vitamin b12 – Ketone bodies production, utilization and regulation of their synthesis.
Biosynthesis of fatty acid – The transport of acetyl-CoA – Acyl-CoA synthase structure and function – Malonyl-CoA production – Fatty acid regulation – Glyoxylate cycle in the plant – Regulation – Differences on lipid metabolism in animal and plant cell – Elongation – Desaturation – Arachidonic acid and its derivatives.
Biosynthesis of phosphatidic acid – Triacylglycerols – Regulation and glyceroneogenesis.
Biosynthesis of phospholipids – Biosynthesis of ether-lipid – Plasmalogens - Synthesis of sphingolipids and derivatives.
Biosynthesis of cholesterol and its derivatives – Regulation.
Catabolism of protein – Metabolism of amino group – Mechanisms of transferases – Glutamate dehydrogenase – The alanine cycle – The glutamine role – The urea cycle – Regulation.
Metabolism of nucleotides – De novo synthesis and re-cycling purine salvage – Purine synthesis – Regulation – De novo synthesis of pyrimidine – Regulation – Ribonucleotide reductase – Structure/function and regulation – Regulation thymidine synthesis – Tetrahydrofolate synthesis – Purine degradation – Xanthine oxidase structure and function – Gout – Pyrimidine degradation.
Electron transport chain and the phosphorylation process – Structure and function of the complexes and coenzymes involved – ATP synthase structure and function – the ATP and ADP and p translocators – The malate-aspartate shuttle – The glycerol shuttle – Thermogenin role – Regulation of ATP production.
 DIDACTIC MATERIALS: Biochemistry Book and didactic material provided by the teacher.
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